基于加权分布熵的配电网电动汽车并网运行风险分析

针对电动汽车负荷接入配电网的运行风险分析问题,提出带有放大系数的损失严重度;以分布熵来量度配电网状态变量分布不确定性引起的风险,利用损失严重度对分布熵进行加权以建立加权分布熵,基于加权分布熵建立了电压风险指标和潮流风险指标;以元件重要度对加权分布熵进行加权求和来评估网络的电压风险和潮流风险,并综合2类风险建立了配电网运行风险综合评估指标。最后,以接入风电和光伏的改进IEEE 33节点配电系统为例,通过动态概率潮流仿真计算分析了加权分布熵相对于传统风险指标的优越性以及运行风险综合评估指标的合理性,并研究了运行风险随电动汽车负荷的接入位置和容量的变化情况,从而验证了所提指标和模型的有效性。     

Reduction of harmonics in grid-connected inverters using variable switching frequency

The increasing application of distributed power generation into the power system makes grid interconnection requirements of power quality more and more stringent. The reduction of current total harmonic distortion (THD) of grid-connected inverters to achieve the grid code by increasing of switching frequency in PWM of inverters is one of the popular methods, but this increases the switching loss. The aim of this paper is to propose a PWM technique with the function of variable switching cycle to reduce the current harmonics in grid-connected inverters. The weights of this function are determined by using a genetic algorithm under the constraint of constant switching loss. The simulation and experimental results of the proposed technique as well as the conventional constant technique are given and compared, which validate the performance of the proposed technique.     

Reconstruction of a heat exchanger network under industrial constraints — the case of a crude distillation unit

Heat exchanger network retrofit using a pinch based approach is presented. In this approach, the criterion of minimum sensitivity of heat exchanger to fouling effects is accounted for. The present paper introduces this criterion without explaining its details that are described in the literature. A summary is given of HEN reconstruction in a crude distillation unit processing 4.2 million ton crude oil per year. While the total heat quantity of hot streams is 110 MW, the heat recovery in the existing HEN is 60 MW. Using Pinch Analysis, the target value of heat recovery at ΔT_min=10 K was determined at 91 MW. Measurements were carried out on the existing HEN with the aim to determine the influence of fouling effects on the heat transfer in the exchangers. Taking local constraints including fouling into account, HEN reconstruction was proposed. The heat savings in the reconstructed HEN was estimated at 75 MW.     

Potential of thermoelectric waste heat recovery in a combined geothermal,fuel cell and organic Rankine flash cycle (thermodynamic and economic evaluation)

The present work aim is performance improvement of an integrated geothermal system by proposing the integration of organic Rankine flash cycle (ORFC) with the Proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) and waste heat recovery from condensers using thermoelectric generator (TEG) modules. To achieve this goal, a novel integrated system is proposed, thermodynamically modeled, investigated, and compared with the conventional system. To assess the performance of proposed system, thermodynamic and economic evaluations are performed. The results indicate that R123 as working fluid, has the best performance for the conventional and proposed systems. The findings demonstrate that with employing TEG modules an increase of 2.7% and 2.8%, for the first and second law efficiencies can be obtained respectively. Additionally, the results of parametric analysis indicate that however the geothermal fluid temperature increment decreases the first and second law efficiencies of the system, it leads to the net output power enhancement. Also, enhancement of the flash vessel pressure ratio increases the first and second law efficiency as well. Additionally, the simple payback method showed that a payback time between 1.25 years and 25 years according to the TEG modules cost can be achieved.     

Comprehensive influences measurement and analysis of power converter low frequency current ripple on PEM fuel cell

To deeply understand the influences of power converter's low frequency current ripple (LFCR) and harmonics on a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) in its power conditioning system (PCS), a comprehensive measurement and analysis of the influences of LFCR and harmonics on PEMFC's performance and durability is investigated in this paper. Based on an equivalent circuit model of PEMFC stack and a mechanism model for evaluating the LFCR effects on the PEMFC, this paper studies primarily and systematically the comprehensive influences of LFCR and harmonics on PEMFC performances and durability, such as (1) degrading the PEMFC performance, (2) shortening the lifetime of PEMFC, (3) reducing the stack output power, (4) lowing its availability efficiency, (5) producing more heat and raising the PEMFC temperature, (6) consuming more fuel, and (7) decreasing the fuel utilization. Finally, a Horizon 300 W PEMFC stack is implemented and tested.     

Estimation of shielding failure number of transmission lines for different trace configurations using leader progression analysis

The electrogeometric model (EGM) is a technique used for analyzing the termination of lightning flashes on transmission lines and masts, etc. When using the EGM for modeling the lightning stroke to transmission lines, the power line has normally been represented by a set of horizontal wire and both the sag of the wire, the existence of the towers and effect of uneven way have been ignored. This approach has serious short comings including inability to determine the percentage of the strokes terminating on the towers, failure to correctly predict the effect of height, and giving an approximate value for the number of collected strokes. This paper presents the development of a method for estimating the shielding failure number of power transmission lines in different trace configurations by using the charge simulation method. The effects of towers, sags of conductors, and a perfectly conducting ground are represented in 3-D computation. In addition, the stepwise descending nature of a downward negative leader–streamer systems taken into account by using an appropriate progression model. Upward leader inception and propagation is also modeled utilizing critical equivalent streamer-length criterion. The method is applied to compute the shielding failure of power transmission line for different trace configurations. In this paper the 3-D method is extended by modeling the effect of sloppy trace, trees on both and one side of the transmission line with extensive simulation results. Also, in this paper the effect of variation of tree height, its distance from transmission line and the number of trees on SFN are analyzed and results are shown in curves.     

复合绝缘子自然污秽与人工污秽试验的等价性分析

为了研究实际高海拔条件下复合绝缘子自然污秽与人工污秽试验的差异,给高海拔地区直流输电线路的外绝缘设计提供参考,在高海拔条件下,对绝缘高度为1.9m、伞形结构为一大一小的复合绝缘子进行不同附灰密度、不同污秽分布以及盐的不同成分的人工污秽试验,揭示灰密、污秽分布和盐的成分等因素对复合绝缘子直流污闪特性的影响。试验发现,盐密一定、灰密≤1.0mg/cm2的条件下,灰密修正系数与附灰密度成负幂函数关系;灰密一定的条件下,污闪电压随污秽分布不均匀程度的增加而增加;盐密一定的条件下,盐种类的修正系数与CaSO4贡献率成指数关系。因此,在估算自然污秽条件下复合绝缘子的直流污闪电压及实际工程外绝缘配置时要充分考虑这些因素的影响。     

HVDC地中直流对交流系统影响的防范措施

针对直流输电系统处于单极大地回路运行方式时对交流电网运行带来的噪声、谐波、振动等不利影响,比较全面地对各种抑制地中直流影响的措施进行了对比分析。基于地中电流的成因与流散规律分析,提出了采用直流接地极与交流变电站选址优化、无接地极运行或多极共址运行方式、合理结构型式变压器的选择等主动防范措施减小地中直流的影响。结合作者的研究成果,就国内外目前抑制变压器中性点直流采取的注入反向电流、中性点串入电容、中性点串入电阻等措施进行了对比分析。通过分析串电阻措施的关键问题,认为该方案结构简洁,长期运行可靠性高,不会产生谐振,成本低廉,建议在现场使用。该研究成果为解决交直流电网并列运行安全稳定运行提供了有益的建议。     

基于分层判别的广域继电保护系统

基于现有广域保护系统模型,提出了区域性两层式的广域保护算法。第一层采用优化算法进行故障判别：根据广域系统中方向元件的特性,定义了方向元件的正、反方向以及各设备的期望状态函数,得到优化算法目标函数的一般形式;在此基础上,针对3/2接线,对中开关方向元件模型做了特殊处理。第二层采用电流矢量和判别：对于因个别方向元件数据丢失造成故障判断错误的情况,借助广域保护系统冗余性,采用电流矢量和进行辅助判断,能有效排除非故障元件。仿真结果证明：该方案具有良好的效果,在多个方向元件数据丢失的极端情况下仍能正确动作。